The publication is a result of a project initiated by the Kosciuszko Institute that aims at examining and comparing energy security of the V4 countries. In the presented publication experts from Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary analyze the issue basing on the Energy Security Index, indicate problems and challenges for national energy policies and provide further recommendations in the field of crude oil, liquid fuels and natural gas. Additionally, the study includes an assessment of the V4 countries energy cooperation and the future prospects for shale gas exploitation in the region.
Darmowy fragment publikacji:
Energy security of the V4 countries.
How do energy relations change in Europe
Pál Kovács Krzysztof Szczerski Petr Binhack
Melinda Farkas Jakub Jaroš Maciej Kołaczkowski
Mariusz Ruszel Piotr Szlagowski Endre Szolnoki
Peter Ševce Izabela Albrycht
Editor: Joanna Świątkowska
Energy security of the V4 countries.
How do energy relations change in Europe
Pál Kovács Krzysztof Szczerski Petr Binhack
Melinda Farkas Jakub Jaroš Maciej Kołaczkowski
Mariusz Ruszel Piotr Szlagowski Endre Szolnoki
Peter Ševce Izabela Albrycht
Editor: Joanna Świątkowska
Contents
Preface ...............................................................................................................................................5
Executive summary ......................................................................................................................7
Security of gas supply – a regional dimension ........................................................9
1.
Energy security in the context of the Polish presidency ...................................11
2.
3.
Energy Security Indexes for V4 countries ...............................................................14
3.1.
Introduction .....................................................................................................................15
3.2. Energy Security Index – Poland ..................................................................................18
3.3. Energy Security Index – the Czech Republic .........................................................22
3.4. Energy Security Index – Slovakia ...............................................................................24
3.5. Energy Security Index – Hungary ..............................................................................28
4.
Analysis of national energy policy in the V4 countries ......................................30
4.1. Energy policy of Poland.................................................................................................31
4.2. Energy policy of the Czech Republic ........................................................................35
4.3. Energy policy of Slovakia ..............................................................................................40
4.4. Energy policy of Hungary .............................................................................................46
5.
Challenges for the energy policy of the V4 countries ........................................52
5.1. Challenges for the energy policy of Poland ...........................................................53
5.2. Challenges for the energy policy of the Czech Republic ..................................57
5.3. Challenges for the energy policy of Slovakia ........................................................61
5.4. Challenges for the energy policy of Hungary .......................................................65
6.
Energy challenges – V4 common standpoint?......................................................70
6.1. V4 in the European Union ............................................................................................71
6.2. V4 energy cooperation with special view on natural gas .................................77
6.3. Shale gas in the V4 countries.......................................................................................83
6.4. Regionalization of energy policy ...............................................................................87
Authors ...........................................................................................................................................95
If you appreciate the value of the presented Report as well as The Kosciuszko Institute’s
mission, we kindly encourage you to support our future publishing initiatives by
making a financial contribution to the association.
Energy security of the V4 countries. How do energy relations change in Europe
Izabela Albrycht Pál Kovács Krzysztof Szczerski Petr Binhack Melinda Farkas Jakub Jaroš
Maciej Kołaczkowski Mariusz Ruszel Piotr Szlagowski Endre Szolnoki Peter Ševce
Editor: Joanna Świątkowska
© The Kosciuszko Institute 2011. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed
two paragraphs, may be quoted in the original language without explicit permission
provided that the source is acknowledged.
The publication is co-financed by
the International Visegrad Found
(http://visegradfound.org)
Translation: Zuzanna Pogorzelska (chapter: 2, 6.3), Justyna Kruk (Preface, chapter 6.1),
Agnieszka Bodzoń (pp.14-19)
Cover design, layout and typesetting: Małgorzata Kopecka
Print: Dante Media
The Kosciuszko Institute
ul. Karmelicka 9/14
31-133 Kraków, Poland
e-mail: ik@ik.org.pl
telephone: +48.12.632.97.24
www.ik.org.pl
ISBN: 978-83-63712-09-9
Preface
Izabela Albrycht
The present publication, initiated and prepared by the Kosciuszko Institute together with the V4
countries’ think tanks, is an attempt to deliver a comparative analysis and make the first step towards
periodic monitoring of the energy situation of the EU countries. The aim of this Report is to compare
selected macro and micro criteria which determine the energy security of the V4 countries with regard
to the key primary energy sources – liquid fuels and crude oil as well as natural gas. The problem of
energy security is a very complex one and is contingent upon numerous factors. However, given the
limited scope of this publication, we shall concentrate here solely on infrastructural elements condi-
tioning the energy security in the aforesaid two energy sectors. Having established the framework,
the state of the energy security of the V4 countries has been analysed pursuant to the assessment
model created by the Kosciuszko Institute which, for the purposes of this project, has been adapted to
the energy portfolio of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. Ultimately, the assessment
model should be expanded to include the criteria that estimate the security in the electroenergy sec-
tor as well as economic and political criteria determining the energy security of countries.
The presented Report contains a comparative analysis of the state of the V4 countries’ energy security
and indicates that these countries experience similar energy-related problems which stem from being
dependent on imports of resources from one direction and source, apparent diversification, illusory
coal-based energy security or the need to significantly reduce CO2 emissions.
Therefore the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary are faced with identical, strategic energy
challenges. Similarly, one should perceive the possibilities to increase the energy security of these
countries through the building of the trans-boundary energy infrastructure, liberalisation of the
energy market and, which is particularly important, the development of the unconventional gas sec-
tor in Europe. Obviously, one can also observe a number of divergent points regarding the percep-
tion of possibilities that could result in the increase of energy security such as the building of the
Nord Stream pipeline. For countries like Poland, Slovakia and Hungary the project epitomises further
dependence on the Russian gas whereas for Czech experts it offers the hope to secure a greater sta-
bility of gas supplies. Conversely, some Hungarian experts see a possibility of potential additional
milliards of cubic meters of natural gas in the Russian project, South Stream.
The views expressed in this Report are those of
the author and do not necessarily reflect any
views held by The Kosciuszko Institute. They are
published as a contribution to public debate.
Despite these differences, the V4 countries’ leaders declare that the Group faces a very ambitious chal-
lenge, namely enhancing the energy security of Central-Eastern Europe. The cooperation within the
V4 group should therefore serve as a platform for negotiating common stances and forming coalitions
in order to accomplish common interests on the EU forum. The coming Polish and Slovakian presiden-
cies of the EU Council should also serve to address the energy-related problems of this part of Europe.
The Czech Republic and Hungary have set a good example to be followed by the other Member States
during their presidencies.
The prospective aim of the Kosciuszko Institute in the coming years is to carry out research on the
energy security of all the EU countries and the EU en bloc which, by means of policy communitisation,
market liberalisation and the development of the trans-boundary energy infrastructure, aims at cre-
ating a common EU energy market and a common energy policy. The findings of such periodically
conducted research will allow us to assess whether the current political decisions made by the EU
leaders and the investments of energy concerns lead to either the increase or decrease of the energy
security of the individual Member States. The idea of European integration requires that the process
of communitisation of the energy policy should take into account the interests of all the EU Member
States, including the state and factors determining the condition of their energy system, quantitative
resources and the type of available natural resources, as well as a long-term strategy of building the
energy portfolio. Currently, we can observe a situation where the voice and interests of individual EU
countries are not always equally important. To illustrate this tendency, we could take as an example
the current political debate on unconventional gas that is taking place on the EU forum. Through
unconventional gas, Poland and a number of other EU countries would be able to cope with the chal-
lenge posed by the reduction of CO2 emissions as well as to enhance the competitiveness of their
economies and achieve energy security. Not all the countries, however, share this view on unconven-
tional gas, which poses a real threat to the potential development of this energy sector. The extraction
of unconventional gas on an industrial scale in Poland and other EU countries and its export within
the framework of the common EU gas market can contribute to a decrease of gas prices charged to
European end-users as well as energy diversification, the strengthening of energy security in Europe
along with the reduction of CO2 emissions. It is therefore valid to say that the development of the
unconventional gas sector should be supported by the Polish presidency in the EU and by the other
V4 countries so that it is neither discredited nor discriminated against in Europe.
The Report not only identifies the possibilities and threats facing the V4 countries regarding energy
security, but also indicates other areas where the EU policy shows an inconsistent approach to the
energy problems, challenges and possibilities of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary.
Therefore, we strongly believe that it will become an important point of reference for politicians, deci-
sion-makers and experts who participate in the debate on Europe’s energy future.
I would like to thank our experts and partners for their contribution to the Report and invite you to
familiarise yourselves with its contents.
8
Izabela Albrycht
Executive summary
The Kosciuszko Institute
Energy policy and especially energy security are undoubtedly of utmost importance for all
of the V4 countries. Despite the differences in Poland’s, Hungary’s, Slovakia’s and the Czech
Republic’s energy portfolio there still is a number of challenges the countries share in the con-
text of energy supplies. The Ukraine – Russia crisis made the countries’ common weaknesses
and the general problems with energy security in the region clearly visible.
The V4’s vulnerability consists in that the countries largely depend on energy supplies from
one source and lack an integrated energy market. The 2009 crisis demonstrated, especially in
Slovakia, that modernisation and development projects in the field of energy infrastructure
require less effort and money than losses incurred by the interruptions in energy supply.
Research done by experts for this publication shows that the V4 is far better organised in terms
of crude oil and liquid fuels supplies than in managing issues connected with natural gas.
Natural gas constitutes the biggest part of the imported energy sources. What is more, 92
of the gas is imported from one supplier i.e. from Russia. Initiatives which aim at changing the
situation should now constitute the priority in common efforts of the V4 countries.
The North-South Gas Corridor is one of the flagship initiatives in the field and stands a very
good chance of improving energy security of the V4 countries. The overall objective of the
project is to provide access to alternative gas sources of supply for the region and to create a
system of interconnected networks of transmission and reception of gas, which would allow
the flow of raw material not only from East to West, but also from North to South (two-way flow
networks). Construction of the Corridor, a component which may effectively strengthen the
region’s energy market, should be financed from the EU funds and should involve cooperation
and closer relationships in the energy sector with Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia.
The fact that countries from the V4 group – Hungary and now Poland – have been holding
the presidencies of the Council of the European Union offers them a perfect opportunity to
attract attention to the energy issues at the EU level. During the Hungarian presidency one of
the main aims was to develop the internal energy market and Poland should quite naturally
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