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Spis tre(cid:264)ci
Spis zagadnie(cid:254) gramatycznych ......................................................... 7
Wst(cid:246)p .............................................................................................. 9
1. What is Information Technology? .................................................... 15
1.1. Information technology basics ................................................................................. 15
1.2. Measuring profitability of IT investments and their prioritization ........................... 16
1.3. Vocabulary .............................................................................................................. 18
1.4. Revise and expand your knowledge ........................................................................ 20
1.4.1. Did you know? .............................................................................................. 20
1.4.2. Latin expressions in English ((cid:225)aci(cid:276)skie wyra(cid:298)enia w j(cid:266)zyku angielskim) ..... 23
1.4.3. Irregular plural (nieregularna liczba mnoga) ................................................. 23
1.4.4. Elements of grammar .................................................................................... 25
1.5. Check your knowledge ........................................................................................... 27
2. Databases ..................................................................................... 31
2.1. What is a database and DBMS? ............................................................................... 31
2.2. Common types of DBMS ........................................................................................ 32
2.3. Database models ...................................................................................................... 33
2.4. Vocabulary .............................................................................................................. 35
2.5. Revise and expand your knowledge ........................................................................ 38
2.5.1. Did you know? .............................................................................................. 38
2.5.2. Data is or data are — a common problem in IT ............................................. 40
2.5.3. Information is or information are? ................................................................ 41
2.5.4. Elements of grammar .................................................................................... 41
2.6. Check your knowledge ............................................................................................ 47
3. How well do you know your computer? ........................................... 53
3.1. Computer hardware vs. computer software ............................................................. 53
3.2. How does an HD work? ........................................................................................... 55
3.3. What is the motherboard? ........................................................................................ 56
3.4. Vocabulary ............................................................................................................. 57
3.5. Revise and expand your knowledge ........................................................................ 59
3.5.1. Did you know? .............................................................................................. 59
3.5.2. An HDD or a HDD? ...................................................................................... 60
3.5.3. Elements of grammar .................................................................................... 61
3.6. Check your knowledge ......................................................................................... 63
4. Computer networks ........................................................................ 69
4.1. Types of computer networks .................................................................................... 69
4.2. Computer network architecture and topologies ....................................................... 70
4.3. Wireless network: how does it work? ...................................................................... 71
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4.4. Network communication standards .......................................................................... 72
4.5. Vocabulary .............................................................................................................. 73
4.6. Revise and expand your knowledge ........................................................................ 75
4.6.1. Did you know? .............................................................................................. 75
4.6.2. Linking words and phrases (spójniki) ............................................................ 77
4.6.3. Elements of grammar .................................................................................... 79
4.7. Check your knowledge ............................................................................................ 82
5. What’s so big about big data? ........................................................ 87
5.1. What is big data? ..................................................................................................... 87
5.2. Challenges in big data analysis ................................................................................ 88
5.3. What is Hadoop? ..................................................................................................... 88
5.4. Hadoop vs. conventional relational database ........................................................... 89
5.5. Vocabulary .............................................................................................................. 90
5.6. Revise and expand your knowledge ........................................................................ 91
5.6.1. Did you know? .............................................................................................. 91
5.6.2. What is an issue? ........................................................................................... 95
5.6.3. Elements of grammar .................................................................................... 96
5.7. Check your knowledge ............................................................................................ 99
6. Business Intelligence ................................................................... 103
6.1. What is Business Intelligence? .............................................................................. 103
6.2. BI system architecture ........................................................................................... 104
6.3. Star schema vs. snowflake schema ........................................................................... 106
6.4. Gartner Magic Quadrant ........................................................................................ 106
6.5. Vocabulary ............................................................................................................ 107
6.6. Revise and expand your knowledge ...................................................................... 109
6.6.1. Did you know? ............................................................................................ 109
6.6.2. To do the analysis — useful synonyms ....................................................... 110
6.6.3. Describing trends ......................................................................................... 111
6.6.4. Elements of grammar .................................................................................. 112
6.7. Check your knowledge .......................................................................................... 117
7. Data mining ................................................................................. 123
7.1. Introduction to data mining .................................................................................... 123
7.2. Data mining methods and techniques .................................................................... 124
7.3. Data mining challenges .......................................................................................... 125
7.4. Vocabulary ............................................................................................................ 126
7.5. Revise and expand your knowledge ...................................................................... 128
7.5.1. Did you know? ............................................................................................ 128
7.5.2. Time series: singular or plural? ................................................................... 129
7.5.3. Synonyms of the word ‘interesting’ ............................................................. 129
7.5.4. Elements of grammar .................................................................................. 130
7.6. Check your knowledge .......................................................................................... 132
8. Software licensing ........................................................................ 137
8.1. What is software licensing for? ............................................................................. 137
8.2. What is EULA? ..................................................................................................... 138
8.3. Common software licensing models ...................................................................... 138
8.4. Demoware vs. shareware vs. freeware vs. abandonware ....................................... 139
8.5. Vocabulary ........................................................................................................... 140
8.6. Revise and expand your knowledge ...................................................................... 142
8.6.1. Did you know? ............................................................................................ 142
8.6.2. Acronyms in business emails and their meaning ......................................... 143
8.6.3. Elements of grammar .................................................................................. 144
8.7. Check your knowledge ......................................................................................... 147
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5
9. Software development methodologies ........................................... 151
9.1. Present approach to software development ............................................................ 151
9.2. Heavyweight vs. lightweight software development methodologies ..................... 152
9.3. Agile software development methodologies and frameworks ............................... 153
9.4. Vocabulary ............................................................................................................ 156
9.5. Revise and expand your knowledge ...................................................................... 159
9.5.1. Did you know? ............................................................................................ 159
9.5.2. The team agree or agrees? ........................................................................... 162
9.5.3. Elements of grammar .................................................................................. 163
9.6. Check your knowledge ......................................................................................... 166
10. The Internet and the World Wide Web ........................................... 171
10.1. The Internet: how exactly does it work? .............................................................. 171
10.2. Common Internet services ................................................................................... 173
10.3. Google search engine: how does it work? ........................................................... 174
10.4. Revise and expand your knowledge .................................................................... 177
10.5. Vocabulary .......................................................................................................... 175
10.5.1. Did you know? ........................................................................................ 177
10.5.2. Elements of grammar ............................................................................... 180
10.6. Check your knowledge ....................................................................................... 183
11. Data governance .......................................................................... 187
11.1. What is data governance? .................................................................................... 187
11.2. Data governance roles .......................................................................................... 189
11.3. Vocabulary .......................................................................................................... 190
11.4. Revise and expand your knowledge .................................................................... 192
11.4.1. Did you know? ........................................................................................ 192
11.4.2. Elements of grammar ............................................................................... 195
11.5. Check your knowledge ....................................................................................... 198
12. Software testing .......................................................................... 203
12.1. What is ISO, IEC and ISO/IEC/IEEE 29119? ..................................................... 203
12.2. ISO/IEC 29119-4: Test Techniques ..................................................................... 204
12.3. SDLC, STLC and the V-Model ........................................................................... 205
12.4. Vocabulary .......................................................................................................... 206
12.5. Revise and expand your knowledge .................................................................... 209
12.5.1. Did you know? ........................................................................................ 209
12.5.2. How to write and read dates correctly? .................................................... 212
12.5.3. Elements of grammar ............................................................................... 213
12.6. Check your knowledge ........................................................................................ 215
English-Polish Glossary ................................................................. 221
Polish-English Glossary ................................................................. 241
Answers ....................................................................................... 265
Bibliografia .................................................................................. 279
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Poleć książkęKup książkę 2. Databases
2.1. What is a database and DBMS?
Database can be defined as a repository for storing data or information which is:
(cid:141) Interrelated: It means that parts of data within the database are associated
with other parts in it, e.g. data on purchased products must be related to
customers who bought them.
(cid:141) Organized: It means that data is usually arranged on the basis of application
requirements; data with the same properties is e.g. grouped together.
(cid:141) Accessible exploitable: It means that data must be available for quick data
retrieval by third party applications using a variety of programming
languages such as Java.
It is the role of database administrator (DBA) to operate, secure, monitor and main-
tain the database, whereas data administrator is a non-technical position responsi-
ble for defining and implementing consistent principles connected with data, such
as setting data standards and data definitions that apply to all the databases in an
organization.
The simplest type of database is a set of flat files stored on computer disk. A simple data-
base usually consists of tables that are managed by a Database Management System
(DBMS) used as an interface between a database and its users and other programs which
access that database. DBMS helps to define, create, query, update and administer data-
base. All database files are integrated into one system, so there are less redundancies
and data management is more efficient. The DBMS can be accessed by the database
administrator e.g. through the web interface or Graphical User Interface (GUI).
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DBMS vendors such as Oracle®, Microsoft® or PostgreSQL® provide various drivers
for different programming languages and platforms which enable access to database
engine. The main functionalities and objectives for DBMS are the following:
(cid:141) Data availability: It refers to making data available to multiple concurrent
users. Such access is controlled by the DBMS to avoid conflicts and deadlocks.
(cid:141) Data manipulation: This includes alteration of stored data and retrieval
of data.
(cid:141) Data integrity: It refers to the assumption that data available in the database
is reliable and correct, without any inconsistencies in data types, legal values,
format, key uniqueness and referential integrity.
(cid:141) Data security: It is connected with preventing unauthorized users from
accessing the database; in order to ensure security for the database DBMS uses:
(cid:57) Encryption: It refers to converting data in the database to format which
cannot be deciphered by the users who make an attempt to view data.
(cid:57) Authentication: It refers to identification of a user trying to access the
database by verifying his username and password.
(cid:57) Authorization: This is a set of rules that DBAs set up to specify access
levels that individuals or groups of users can have.
(cid:141) Data backup recovery: This means that DBMS provides ways to recover
a database if there is a risk of data loss. The easiest way to do this is to make
regular backups of data or replicate database from master server to slave
server.
2.2. Common types of DBMS
Presently, the most widely used DBMS types are the following:
(cid:141) Relational DBMS (RDBMS): This is the most widely used data model which
is based on relational model defined by E.F. Codd. It will be discussed in more
detail in the next part of this chapter. Data in RDBMS is stored in database
objects called tables. A table is a collection of related data entries and it
consists of columns (attributes) and rows (tuples). A field is a column in
a table which includes specific information about every record in it. Data
stored in different tables is related by common fields. Such connection between
two tables is called a relationship. The most popular RDBMS are MS SQL
Server®, DB2®, Oracle® and MySQL®. Most RDBMS use SQL (Structured
Query Language) as database query language.
To ensure accuracy and consistency of data in a relational database, integrity
constraints are used. Three types of integrity constraints which are an inherent
element of the relational data model are: entity integrity constraints, referential
integrity constraints and domain integrity constraints.
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33
(cid:141) Object-oriented DBMS (OODBMS): It is used for storing data in the form
of objects. An object-oriented database can store data from various sources,
such as photographs and texts, and produce output in multimedia format.
(cid:141) Object-relational DMBS (ORDBMS): This is an RDBMS engine with
additional functionality to handle such objects as audio, video and image files.
ORDBMS was created as a result of increased usage of object-oriented
programming languages.
Data in DBMS can be stored in different ways. Having that in mind, the following DBMS
can be listed:
(cid:141) In-memory DBMS (IMDBMS): This is a DBMS in which the entire database
is stored in RAM (Random Access Memory) instead of SSDs (Solid State
Drives) to optimize data storage and speed of data retrieval. Owing to massive
intra-query parallelism on many-core central processing units (CPUs) the
execution time of complex analytical queries can be reduced to seconds.
(cid:141) Cloud-based DBMS: This is a distributed DBMS which is based on cloud
computing platform. It means that database is stored within a cloud and
accessible remotely.
(cid:141) Distributed DBMS: This is a centralized application which manages databases
distributed over multiple different computers.
(cid:141) Embedded DBMS: This is a DBMS which is tightly integrated with application
software which requires access to data. Database is however not accessible for
end-users of the application.
(cid:141) Database as a Service (DBaaS): This is a cloud computing service model in
which database is located on service provider’s servers. It is accessed by
the client over the network. Clients lease use of a database. Administration
of such database is provided by the service provider.
2.3. Database models
In order to build database properly and show logical organization of database objects,
database designers create a data model. Development of data model involves analyz-
ing the data and information needs of an entire organization.
Building a conceptual, logical and physical database model is just one of the steps
in database development process. By and large, it consists of the following phases:
1. Collection of requirements and analysis of needs which the database should
meet.
2. Evaluation of DBMS criteria and database selection (Access®, SQL Server®,
Oracle®, etc.).
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3. Preparation of database design including conceptual, logical and physical
database model.
4. Implementation which involves creation of disk space in the form of tablespaces,
tables, etc.
5. Data migration loading which involves ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)
processes in order to load data from different systems.
6. Testing and performance tuning for performance, integrity, concurrent
access and security constraints.
7. Database release to production environment. A new information system
is accessed by the users, who add new data, modify or delete existing data.
Administrators do some performance tuning activities and apply access control
mechanisms. On the basis of information retrieved from the system, users make
business decisions.
8. Maintenance which includes modifications to the existing database design
as well as maintenance and upgrade of hardware.
In conceptual data model elements of the requirements analysis are grouped into indi-
vidual entities presented at the high level. Entities are objects which store data on the
same topic, e.g. sales entity usually stores such information as order number, order
quantity, order value, etc. Conceptual data model also presents relationships between
those entities. These relationships include i.a. one-to-many relationships, one-to-one
relationships, many-to-many relationships.
Logical data model includes all entities, their attributes and relationships between those
entities, with respect to business requirements. The complete logical data model is
called the Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). The most popular notations used in
ERDs are crow’s foot notation and UML (Unified Modelling Language) notation.
At the end of the analysis phase, the entities are fully normalized, the unique identifier
for each entity is determined and any many-to-many relationships are resolved into
associative entities. There are also primary and foreign keys specified for each entity.
Physical database model is a graphical representation of database implementation. In
other words, it shows how the model will be built in the database. It is based on the
logical model and it includes all such information about database structures as table
names, column names, column data types, constraints (including information whether
a column can be null or not), as well as previously defined primary keys, foreign keys
and relationships between tables.
In the picture below (see figure 2.1) you will find all three exemplary data models
described above.
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Figure 2.1. Example of conceptual, logical and physical data model
2.4. Vocabulary
ENGLISH — POLISH
access control mechanism — mechanizm
kontroli dost(cid:266)pu
access level — poziom dost(cid:266)pu
accessible — dost(cid:266)pny
accessible remotely — dost(cid:266)pny zdalnie
accuracy — dok(cid:225)adno(cid:286)(cid:252)/precyzyjno(cid:286)(cid:252)/trafno(cid:286)(cid:252)
(to) administer database — administrowa(cid:252) baz(cid:261)
danych
alteration — zmiana
(to) apply (to something) — odnosi(cid:252) si(cid:266)
(do czego(cid:286))/ dotyczy(cid:252) (czego(cid:286))/mie(cid:252) zastosowanie
(do czego(cid:286))
(to) arrange — organizowa(cid:252)/porz(cid:261)dkowa(cid:252)
associative entity — encja asocjacyjna
assumption — za(cid:225)o(cid:298)enie
attribute — atrybut
ENGLISH — POLISH
authentication — uwierzytelnienie/po(cid:286)wiadczenie
authorization — upowa(cid:298)nienie/uprawnienie/
autoryzacja
backup — kopia zapasowa
by and large — ogólnie rzecz bior(cid:261)c
central processing unit (CPU) — procesor
cloud computing platform — platforma oparta
na chmurze obliczeniowej
cloud-based DBMS — system zarz(cid:261)dzania baz(cid:261)
danych w chmurze
collection of requirements — zbiór wymaga(cid:276)
column — kolumna
conceptual database model — konceptualny
model bazy danych
concurrent access — równoczesny dost(cid:266)p
consistency — spójno(cid:286)(cid:252)
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ENGLISH — POLISH
consistent — spójny
constraint — ograniczenie
constraints — wi(cid:266)zy
(to) convert (something to something) —
przekszta(cid:225)ca(cid:252) (co(cid:286) w co(cid:286))
crow’s foot — kurza stopka
data administrator — administrator danych
data availability — dost(cid:266)pno(cid:286)(cid:252) danych
data backup — data integrity — integralno(cid:286)(cid:252)
danych
data loading — (cid:225)adowanie danych
data loss — utrata danych
data management — zarz(cid:261)dzanie danymi
data manipulation — operowanie/
manipulowanie danymi
data migration — migracja danych
data model — model danych
data need — zapotrzebowanie na dane
data recovery — odzyskiwanie danych
data retrieval — wyszukiwanie danych
data security — bezpiecze(cid:276)stwo danych
data standards — standardy zwi(cid:261)zane z bazami
danych
data storage — przechowywanie danych
data type — typ danychkopia zapasowa danych
database administrator (DBA) — administrator
baz danych
database as a service (DBaaS) — baza danych
jako us(cid:225)uga
database design — projekt bazy danych
database designer — projektant bazy danych
database engine — silnik bazy danych
database management system (DBMS) —
system zarz(cid:261)dzania baz(cid:261) danych
database object — obiekt bazodanowy
database query language — j(cid:266)zyk zapyta(cid:276)
do bazy danych
deadlock — zakleszczenie/blokada wzajemna
(to) decipher — rozszyfrowa(cid:252)/odcyfrowa(cid:252)
disk space — przestrze(cid:276) dyskowa
ENGLISH — POLISH
distributed DBMS — system zarz(cid:261)dzania
rozproszon(cid:261) baz(cid:261) danych
domain integrity constraints — wi(cid:266)zy
integralno(cid:286)ci domeny
driver — sterownik
embedded DBMS — system zarz(cid:261)dzania
wbudowan(cid:261) baz(cid:261) danych
(to) enable — umo(cid:298)liwia(cid:252)
encryption — szyfrowanie
end-user — u(cid:298)ytkownik ko(cid:276)cowy
(to) ensure — zapewnia(cid:252)
entity integrity constraints — wi(cid:266)zy
integralno(cid:286)ci encji
entity relationship diagram (ERD) — diagram
zwi(cid:261)zków encji
entity — encja
ETL (extract, transform, load) process —
proces ETL/proces ekstrakcji, transformacji,
i (cid:225)adowania
evaluation — ocena
execution time — czas wykonania
exploitable — nadaj(cid:261)cy si(cid:266) do wykorzystania
field — pole
flat file — plik p(cid:225)aski
foreign key — klucz obcy
graphical user interface (GUI) — graficzny
interfejs u(cid:298)ytkownika
inconsistency — niespójno(cid:286)(cid:252)
information need — potrzeba informacyjna
inherent — nieod(cid:225)(cid:261)czny
in-memory DBMS — system zarz(cid:261)dzania baz(cid:261)
danych in-memory
integrity — integralno(cid:286)(cid:252)
integrity constraints — wi(cid:266)zy integralno(cid:286)ci
interface — interfejs
interrelated — wzajemnie powi(cid:261)zany
intra-query parallelism — wykonanie
pojedynczego zapytania przy równoleg(cid:225)ym u(cid:298)yciu
kilku procesorów
(to) involve — dotyczy(cid:252)/obejmowa(cid:252)
key uniqueness — unikalno(cid:286)(cid:252) na poziomie kluczy
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ENGLISH — POLISH
(to) lease — wydzier(cid:298)awi(cid:252)
legal value — dozwolona warto(cid:286)(cid:252)
logical database model — logiczny model bazy
danych
(to) maintain — utrzymywa(cid:252)
maintenance — utrzymanie
(to) make an attempt — podj(cid:261)(cid:252) prób(cid:266)
many-core central processing unit (CPU) —
procesor wielordzeniowy
many-to-many relationship — relacja wiele
do wielu
master server — serwer g(cid:225)ówny
multimedia format — format multimedialny
multiple concurrent users — wielu
równoczesnych u(cid:298)ytkowników
normalized — znormalizowany
notation — notacja
object-oriented database management system
(OODBMS) — obiektowy system zarz(cid:261)dzania
baz(cid:261) danych
object-oriented programming language —
obiektowy j(cid:266)zyk programowania
object-relational database management system
(ORDBMS) — obiektowo-relacyjny system
zarz(cid:261)dzania baz(cid:261) danych
one-to-many relationship — relacja jeden do wielu
one-to-one relationship — relacja jeden
do jednego
(to) operate — obs(cid:225)ugiwa(cid:252)
performance tuning — dostrajanie wydajno(cid:286)ci
performance — wydajno(cid:286)(cid:252)
physical database model — fizyczny model bazy
danych
(to) prevent (someone from doing something)
— powstrzymywa(cid:252) (kogo(cid:286) przed czym(cid:286)/kogo(cid:286)
przed zrobieniem czego(cid:286))/ uniemo(cid:298)liwia(cid:252)
(komu(cid:286) co(cid:286)/komu(cid:286) zrobienie czego(cid:286))
primary key — klucz g(cid:225)ówny
principle — zasada
programming language — j(cid:266)zyk programowania
(to) provide — dostarcza(cid:252)/zapewnia(cid:252)
ENGLISH — POLISH
(to) purchase — naby(cid:252)/zakupi(cid:252)
query — zapytanie
(to) query database — odpytywa(cid:252) baz(cid:266) danych
query language — j(cid:266)zyk zapyta(cid:276)
RAM (random access memory) — pami(cid:266)(cid:252)
o dost(cid:266)pie swobodnym/pami(cid:266)(cid:252) RAM
record — rekord/zapis
redundancy — nadmiarowo(cid:286)(cid:252)/
redundancja
referential integrity constraints — wi(cid:266)zy
integralno(cid:286)ci referencyjnej
referential integrity — integralno(cid:286)(cid:252)
referencyjna
relational database management system (RDBMS)
— system zarz(cid:261)dzania relacyjn(cid:261) baz(cid:261) danych
relational model — model relacyjny
relationship — relacja/zwi(cid:261)zek
release to production environment —
uruchomienie w (cid:286)rodowisku produkcyjnym
(to) replicate — powiela(cid:252)/replikowa(cid:252)
repository — repozytorium
requirements analysis — analiza wymaga(cid:276)
(to) resolve (into something) — rozk(cid:225)ada(cid:252) (na co(cid:286))
retrieval of information — wyszukiwanie
informacji
row — wiersz
security constraints — ograniczenia
ze wzgl(cid:266)dów bezpiecze(cid:276)stwa
service provider — dostawca us(cid:225)ugi
slave server — serwer zapasowy
(to) set standards — wyznacza(cid:252) standardy
SQL (structured query language) —
strukturalny j(cid:266)zyk zapyta(cid:276)
SSD (solid state drive) — dysk SSD/dysk
pó(cid:225)przewodnikowy
(to) store — przechowywa(cid:252)/sk(cid:225)adowa(cid:252)
stored data — przechowywane/sk(cid:225)adowane dane
tablespace — obszar tabeli
third party application — aplikacja producenta
zewn(cid:266)trznego/zewn(cid:266)trznego dostawcy
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ENGLISH — POLISH
tuple — krotka
UML (Unified Modelling Language) —
zunifikowany j(cid:266)zyk modelowania
unauthorized user — nieautoryzowany
/nieuprawniony u(cid:298)ytkownik
unique identifier — unikalny identyfikator
ENGLISH — POLISH
upgrade — aktualizacja
vendor — dostawca
web interface — interfejs www
whereas — podczas gdy
with respect to (something) — odno(cid:286)nie
do (czego(cid:286))
2.5. Revise and expand
your knowledge
2.5.1. Did you know?
RELATIONSHIP TO (SOMETHING) vs. RELATIONSHIP WITH (SOMEBODY)
Definition:
We talk about a relationship to something when we want to express that two or more
things are connected in some way.
Example sentence:
Data in database is interrelated which means that e.g. data on purchased products must
have relationship to customers who bought them.
Dane w bazie danych s(cid:261) ze sob(cid:261) powi(cid:261)zane. Oznacza to, (cid:298)e np. dane dotycz(cid:261)ce naby-
tych produktów musz(cid:261) by(cid:252) powi(cid:261)zane z danymi o klientach, którzy je kupili.
Definition:
We talk about a relationship with somebody when we want to say that there is a way
in which two people or groups behave towards each other.
Example sentence:
I established a good working relationship with my boss.
Dobrze mi si(cid:266) wspó(cid:225)pracuje z moim prze(cid:225)o(cid:298)onym./Mam dobre relacje w pracy z moim
prze(cid:225)o(cid:298)onym.
AUTHENTICATION vs. AUTHORIZATION
Definitions example sentences:
Authentication means identification of a user trying to access the database by veri-
fying his username and password.
Uwierzytelnianie oznacza identyfikacj(cid:266) u(cid:298)ytkownika, który próbuje uzyska(cid:252) dost(cid:266)p do
bazy danych, poprzez weryfikacj(cid:266) jego nazwy i has(cid:225)a.
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39
Authorization is a set of rules that DBAs set up to specify the levels of access that
individuals or groups of users are allowed to have.
Autoryzacja oznacza zestaw regu(cid:225) formu(cid:225)owanych przez administratorów baz danych
w celu okre(cid:286)lenia poziomów dost(cid:266)pu, jakie mog(cid:261) zosta(cid:252) nadane poszczególnym osobom
lub grupom u(cid:298)ytkowników.
INTEGRITY vs. INTEGRATION
Definition:
Integrity is the state of a thing which indicates that it is not divided and it exists as
a whole.
Example sentence:
Data integrity means that data available in the database are reliable and correct, without
any inconsistencies in data types, legal values, format, key uniqueness and referential
integrity.
Integralno(cid:286)(cid:252) danych oznacza, (cid:298)e dane dost(cid:266)pne w bazie danych s(cid:261) wiarygodne i po-
prawne, nie zawieraj(cid:261) (cid:298)adnych niespójno(cid:286)ci w zakresie typów danych, dozwolonych
warto(cid:286)ci, formatu, unikalno(cid:286)ci na poziomie kluczy i integralno(cid:286)ci referencyjnej.
Definition:
Integration is the process of joining two or more things so that they work together.
Example sentence:
In Database Management System (DBMS) all database files are integrated into one
system, so there are less redundancies and data management is more efficient.
W systemie zarz(cid:261)dzania baz(cid:261) danych wszystkie pliki bazy danych s(cid:261) zintegrowane w jeden
system, aby zmniejszy(cid:252) ilo(cid:286)(cid:252) danych nadmiarowych, a tak(cid:298)e aby zarz(cid:261)dzanie danymi
by(cid:225)o bardziej efektywne.
DOWNLOAD vs. UPLOAD vs. RETRIEVAL
Definition:
A download is an activity of moving data from a large computer system to a smaller one.
Example sentence:
A free trial of data backup software is available for download.
Bezp(cid:225)atna wersja próbna oprogramowania do tworzenia kopii zapasowej danych jest
dost(cid:266)pna do pobrania.
Definition:
An upload is a process of moving data from a smaller computer system to a larger one.
Poleć książkęKup książkę 40
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Example sentence:
This tool enables you to upload data from external data resources like databases to
Hadoop.
To narz(cid:266)dzie umo(cid:298)liwia za(cid:225)adowanie danych do Hadoopa z zewn(cid:266)trznych (cid:296)róde(cid:225) danych
takich jak bazy danych.
Definition:
A retrieval of data takes place when you find information or data and get it from the
memory of a computer or from a disk.
Example sentence:
In-memory DBMS is a DBMS in which the entire database is stored in RAM instead
of SSDs to optimize data storage and speed of data retrieval.
System zarz(cid:261)dzania baz(cid:261) danych in-memory to system, w którym ca(cid:225)a baza danych
przechowywana jest w pami(cid:266)ci RAM zamiast na dyskach SSD w celu zoptymalizowa-
nia przechowywania danych i przyspieszenia wyszukiwania danych.
2.5.2. Data is or data are
— a common problem in IT
The word data, meaning a given fact, originates from Latin. Its singular is datum, but
this form is rarely used.
In the nineteenth century, data gained new meaning — facts, statistics and figures —
and it is used both as plural and singular, depending on the intention of the speaker
or his personal preference.
Therefore all sentences below are correct.
Data is usually treated as uncountable noun in non-scientific texts (including IT texts).
It can be replaced by the word information.
Example sentence:
This data is useless because it was collected 2 years ago.
Te dane s(cid:261) bezu(cid:298)yteczne, gdy(cid:298) pochodz(cid:261) sprzed 2 lat.
Data stored in different tables is related by common fields which are database table
columns.
Dane przechowywane w ró(cid:298)nych tabelach s(cid:261) ze sob(cid:261) powi(cid:261)zane za pomoc(cid:261) wspólnych
pól, b(cid:266)d(cid:261)cych kolumnami w tabeli w bazie danych.
Much of the data used in the project was out of date, so the testers were unable to test
the solution properly.
Wiele danych wykorzystanych w tym projekcie by(cid:225)o nieaktualnych, wi(cid:266)c testerzy nie
byli w stanie odpowiednio przetestowa(cid:252) rozwi(cid:261)zania.
Poleć książkęKup książkę Rozdzia(cid:228) 2. (cid:105) Databases
41
Data is usually treated as countable noun in specialized scientific fields. It can be replaced
by the word facts or figures.
Example sentence:
A correlation coefficient value of zero means that data are randomly scattered and there
is no linear correlation between the variables.
Warto(cid:286)(cid:252) wspó(cid:225)czynnika korelacji równa zero oznacza, (cid:298)e dane s(cid:261) losowo rozproszone
i nie istnieje liniowa zale(cid:298)no(cid:286)(cid:252) mi(cid:266)dzy zmiennymi.
2.5.3. Information is or information are?
Information is an uncountable noun which is singular. We use a singular verb with it,
so we say information is.
Example sentence:
The information is stored in separate data marts.
Te informacje s(cid:261) przechowywane w wydzielonych tematycznych hurtowniach danych.
2.5.4. Elements of grammar
2.5.4.1. Countable nouns (rzeczowniki policzalne)
It’s important to distinguish between countable and uncountable nouns in English as
there are separate rules for their usage.
Countable nouns are the things we can count. They have a singular and a plural
form. In the table below there are some hints on their proper usage:
SINGULAR
Positive
There is a primary
and a foreign key
specified for each
entity.
Administrators
do a performance
tuning activity.
We can use a/an
before the noun
in singular.
PLURAL
Positive
There are primary
and foreign keys
specified for each
entity.
Administrators
do some performance
tuning activities.
Negative
There aren’t
primary and foreign
keys specified for
each entity.
Administrators don’t
do any performance
tuning activities.
We can use some
before the noun.
We can use any
before the noun.
Question
Are there any
primary and foreign
keys specified for
each entity?
How many
performance tuning
activities do the
administrators do?
We can use any/how
many before the noun.
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2.5.4.2. Uncountable (mass) nouns (rzeczowniki niepoliczalne)
Uncountable nouns usually have no plural — they are used with a singular verb.
These are the things which we cannot count using numbers and we cannot use a/an
with these nouns. These are:
Abstract nouns which refer to states, concepts, feelings, emotions, etc., which do not
exist physically, e.g.: freedom, happiness, truth, darkness, humour, idea, music, love,
behaviour, luck, life.
Physical objects that are too small to be counted — liquids, gases, powders, sub-
stances in grains, e.g.: coffee, sugar, milk, salt, rice, sand, water.
Materials, e.g.: wood, plastic, glass.
Other general categories, e.g.: money, information, software, knowledge, time, mail,
work, equipment, advice, progress, help.
Non-plurals with -s, e.g.: economics, mathematics, physics, news, ethics.
Here are some examples of uncountable nouns used in a sentence.
Example sentences:
Users make business decisions on the basis of information which is retrieved from
the system.
U(cid:298)ytkownicy podejmuj(cid:261) decyzje biznesowe na podstawie informacji pobranych
z systemu.
Lack of errors in the new information system is good news.
Brak b(cid:225)(cid:266)dów w nowym systemie informacyjnym to dobra wiadomo(cid:286)(cid:252).
Database management software is used to manipulate and manage data in order to find
and present useful information.
Oprogramowanie do zarz(cid:261)dzania bazami danych jest wykorzystywane do operowania
i zarz(cid:261)dzania danymi w celu odszukania i zaprezentowania u(cid:298)ytecznych informacji.
Notice!
You can make some uncountable nouns countable by adding quantifiers (okre(cid:286)lniki
ilo(cid:286)ciowe). Below you will find some quantifiers used in connection with the above
given uncountable nouns:
Poleć książkęKup książkę Rozdzia(cid:228) 2. (cid:105) Databases
43
SINGULAR FORMS OF UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Abstract
nouns
a piece of music
(utwór muzyczny)
a stroke of luck
((cid:225)ut szcz(cid:266)(cid:286)cia)
a sense
of humour
(poczucie
humoru)
a moment
of truth
(chwila prawdy)
Liquids,
powders, etc. Materials
a cup of coffee
(fili(cid:298)anka kawy)
a pinch of salt
(szczypta soli)
a handful
of rice
(gar(cid:286)(cid:252) ry(cid:298)u)
a glass of water
(szklanka wody)
a piece
of plastic
(kawa(cid:225)ek
plastiku)
a plank
of wood
(deska z drewna)
Non-plurals
with -s
a piece of news
(wiadomo(cid:286)(cid:252))
a field
of economics
(dziedzina
ekonomii)
General
categories
a piece of
information
(informacja)
a piece
of advice
(porada)
an area
of knowledge
(dziedzina
wiedzy)
an element
of software
(element
oprogramowania)
Here is a set of quantifiers and their possible application in countable and uncountable
nouns:
QUANTIFIER
COUNTABLE
NOUNS
+
+
UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
no/none
few/a few*/fewer
little/a little/less/least*
a number of
a bit of
some/any
many/several
much
a lot of/lots of
a great deal of/a large
amount of
plenty of
a great number of/
a large number of
* few/little = not much/not many/not enough
a few/a little = some/a small number/a small amount
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
EXAMPLE
no hope/none of the people
a few information systems
a little time
a number of data models
a bit of luck
some hints
many change requests
much information
a lot of practice
a great deal of work
plenty of programmers
a large number
of instructions
Poleć książkęKup książkę 44
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2.5.4.3. Passive voice (strona bierna)
Passive voice is generally used when the speaker wants to focus on the action, not on
the person performing this action. It is more common in written English and often used
in formal language, especially when the audience is unknown. In order to build a sentence
in passive voice, apply the following pattern:
SUBJECT + FORM OF TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
(3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example:
ACTIVE SENTECE
Database administrator operates, secures and maintains the database.
subject
verb
object
PASSIVE SENTENCE
The database is operated, secured and maintaind by the database administrator.
subject
form of to be
verb (past participle)
object
Here are some of the rules of building passive sentences for each tense with simplified
translation into Polish.
Here are some alternative ways to form passive voice sentences.
Example sentences:
ACTIVE: The database administrator specifies proper levels of access for database users.
Administrator bazy danych okre(cid:286)la odpowiednie poziomy dost(cid:266)pu dla u(cid:298)ytkowników
bazy danych.
PASSIVE: Database users have proper levels of access specified by the database
administrator.
U(cid:298)ytkownicy bazy danych maj(cid:261) okre(cid:286)lone odpowiednie poziomy dost(cid:266)pu przez admi-
nistratora bazy danych.
ACTIVE: The project manager believed that the database administrator specified
proper levels of access for database users.
Kierownik projektu s(cid:261)dzi(cid:225), (cid:298)e administrator bazy danych okre(cid:286)li(cid:225) odpowiednie pozio-
my dost(cid:266)pu dla u(cid:298)ytkowników bazy danych.
PASSIVE: The database administrator is believed to have specified proper levels of
access for database users.
Wydaje si(cid:266), (cid:298)e administrator bazy danych okre(cid:286)li(cid:225) odpowiednie poziomy dost(cid:266)pu dla
u(cid:298)ytkowników bazy danych.
Poleć książkęKup książkę Rozdzia(cid:228) 2. (cid:105) Databases
45
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Poleć książkęKup książkę 46
English 4 IT. Praktyczny kurs j(cid:246)zyka angielskiego dla specjalistów IT i nie tylko
.
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Poleć książkęKup książkę Rozdzia(cid:228) 2. (cid:105) Databases
47
ACTIVE: The project manager obliged the database administrator to specify proper
levels of access for database users at once.
Kierownik projektu zobligowa(cid:225) administratora bazy danych do natychmiastowego okre-
(cid:286)lenia odpowiedniego poziomu dost(cid:266)pu dla u(cid:298)ytkowników bazy danych.
PASSIVE: The database administrator was obliged to specify proper levels of access
for database users at once by the project manager.
Administrator bazy danych zosta(cid:225) zobligowany przez kierownika projektu do natychmia-
stowego okre(cid:286)lenia odpowiedniego poziomu dost(cid:266)pu dla u(cid:298)ytkowników bazy danych.
2.6. Check your knowledge
A. Solve the crossword and find its final solution.
Poleć książkęKup książkę 48
English 4 IT. Praktyczny kurs j(cid:246)zyka angielskiego dla specjalistów IT i nie tylko
ACROSS
1. A __________ identifier makes each
row in an entity one of a kind.
2. Another word for repository for data
or information.
3. A type of database which runs
on a virtualized computing platform.
4. A central processing ______ is a core
part of every computer.
DOWN
1. A type of relationship between two
entities in which each row in one table
can be related to many rows in the
relating table.
2. A copy of data from database that can
be used to reconstruct it.
3. A single row of data from a table.
4. A request for information from
a database.
5. A connection between two tables
in a relational database.
5. A volatile type of data storage
in a computer.
6. A DBMS which is used for storing data
in the form of objects is called
_______-oriented DBMS.
7. In order to improve system operation,
administrators usually do some
________ tuning activities.
8. Processes connected with retrieving
data from database, data modification
and loading into target database.
9. A type of data model which includes
all entities, their attributes and
relationships between those entities,
with respect to business requirements.
10. An object which represents data related
to the same topic.
6. A detailed study or examination of
something in order to understand it.
7. A synonym to simultaneous.
8. A set of rules set up by the database
administrator which specify the levels of
access that individuals or groups of users
should have to use the computer system.
9. Duplication of data in a database.
10. A column or combination of columns
which uniquely identifies a record in
a database is called a __________ key.
11. A modelling language with rich notation
and set of diagrams available for
various purposes.
11. A person that actually uses the
information system is called the
end-_______.
12. A complete logical data model with all
entities, their attributes and relationships
between those entities.
13. A tool which allows humans to interact
with computers.
14. A type of DBMS which stores the entire
database in RAM to improve speed of
data retrieval.
Poleć książkęKup książkę Rozdzia(cid:228) 2. (cid:105) Databases
49
B. Find mistakes in the sentences below and correct them. The first one has been
done for you.
The
1. Most popular notations which are used in Entity Relationship Diagrams
are
is crows foot notation or UML notation.
and
‘
2. Owing to CPUs with much cores, the execution times of a complex query
can be reduced to little seconds.
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
3. A number of crucial informations were written down in the requirement
analysis.
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
4. Database administrators perform a great deal of performance tunings
activities to make the use of database more effective.
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
5. Embedded databases are databases who are integrated within application
softwares and are accessible for the end-users of the application.
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
6. The simplest type of databases is a set of flat files which are being stored
on computer disk.
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
C. Match the word from the left with the one from the right to build full expression
from the text and translate it into Polish.
1) key
2) unauthorized
3) data
4) integrity
5) data
6) production
7) concurrent
8) performance
9) foreign
10) unique
a) recovery
b) migration
c) uniqueness
d) access
e) identifier
f) tuning
g) user
h) key
i) environment
j) constraints
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
nieautoryzowany/nieuprawniony u(cid:298)ytkownik
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
Poleć książkęKup książkę 50
English 4 IT. Praktyczny kurs j(cid:246)zyka angielskiego dla specjalistów IT i nie tylko
D. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions from the box. The first one has
been done for you.
1. Data in database is interrelated which means that parts of data within the
database are associated with other parts in it.
2. Logical data model includes all entities, their attributes and relationships
............ those entities, ............ respect to business requirements.
3. ............ the end of the analysis phase, the entities are fully normalized,
the unique identifier for each entity is determined and any many-to-many
relationships are resolved ............ associative entities.
4. Data stored ............ different tables is related ............ common fields.
5. A distributed DBMS is a centralized application which manages databases
distributed ............ multiple different computers.
6. Database as a Service (DaaS) is accessed ............ the client ............ the
network and its administration is provided ............ the service provider.
7. Data administrator is a non-technical position responsible ............ defining
and implementing consistent principles connected ............ data, such
as setting data definitions that apply ............ all the databases in an
organization.
8. Encryption refers ............ converting data in the database ............ format
which cannot be deciphered ............ the users who make an attempt
............ view data.
at
by (x4)
to (x4)
between
in
for
with (x2)
over (x2)
into
E. Rewrite the sentences below using the passive voice. The object to be used as
subject in passive voice has been underlined for you.
1. Logical data model includes entities, their attributes and relationships
between those entities.
.......................................................................................................................
2. E.F. Codd created a definition of relational model.
.......................................................................................................................
3. The project manager has accepted the release of database to production
environment.
.......................................................................................................................
4. Database administrator was recovering the database from backup when
the power went off.
.......................................................................................................................
5. The system analyst identified primary and foreign keys for each entity.
.......................................................................................................................
Poleć książkęKup książkę Rozdzia(cid:228) 2. (cid:105) Databases
51
F. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Informacje wyszukane w bazie danych s(cid:261) wykorzystywane przez u(cid:298)ytkowników
do podejmowania decyzji biznesowych.
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
2. Wi(cid:266)zy integralno(cid:286)ci s(cid:261) wykorzystywane w celu zapewnienia dok(cid:225)adno(cid:286)ci
i spójno(cid:286)ci danych w relacyjnej bazie danych.
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
3. System zarz(cid:261)dzania baz(cid:261) danych w chmurze to system zarz(cid:261)dzania
rozproszon(cid:261) baz(cid:261) danych bazuj(cid:261)cy na platformie opartej na chmurze
obliczeniowej, a wi(cid:266)c jest dost(cid:266)pny zdalnie.
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
4. Dostawcy systemów zarz(cid:261)dzania bazami danych dostarczaj(cid:261) rozmaite
sterowniki, które umo(cid:298)liwiaj(cid:261) dost(cid:266)p do silnika bazy danych.
.......................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
5. Aby zminim
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