Darmowy fragment publikacji:
Łódź 2020
Bogusława Urbaniak – University of Łódź, Faculty of Economics and Sociology
Department of Labour and Social Policy, 90-214 Łódź, 41/43 Rewolucji 1905 r. St.
Yaroslava Evseeva – Russian Academy of Sciences, Centre of Scientific Information Studies
in Social Sciences, Department of Sociology
László Patyán – University of Debrecen, Faculty of Health, Department of Gerontology
EDITORIAL BOARD
OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES
Professor Elżbieta Kowalska-Dubas (Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Łódź)
– Chair of the Editorial Board; Members: Professor Bogusława Urbaniak (Faculty of
Economics and Sociology, University of Łódź); Professor Grzegorz Bartosz (Faculty of Biology
and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź); Professor Piotr Szukalski (Faculty
of Economics and Sociology, University of Łódź); Dr. Natalia Piórczyńska
(University of Humanities and Economics in Łódź), M.A Monika Kamieńska
(University of Humanities and Economics in Łódź)
Janusz Kwitecki (chapters of Bogusława Urbaniak)
TRANSLATOR
REVIEWER
Jacek Męcina
INITIATING EDITOR
Iwona Gos
NATIVE SPEAKER AND PROOFREADING
Mark Muirhead
TYPESETTING
Munda – Maciej Torz
TECHNICAL EDITOR
Leonora Gralka
COVER DESIGN
Katarzyna Turkowska
Cover Image: © Depositphotos.com/hobbitart
© Copyright by Authors, Łódź 2020
© Copyright for this edition by Uniwersytet Łódzki, Łódź 2020
Published by Łódź University Press
First edition. W.08921.18.0.K
Publisher’s sheets 6.7; printing sheets 8.5
ISBN 978-83-8142-870-5
e-ISBN 978-83-8142-871-2
Łódź University Press
90-131 Łódź, 8 Lindleya St.
www.wydawnictwo.uni.lodz.pl
e-mail: ksiegarnia@uni.lodz.pl
phone. (42) 665 58 63
The number of elderly has multiplied, but our societies are not
organised well enough to make room for them, with proper respect
and practical consideration for their frailty and their dignity.
(Pope Francis audience, 4 March 2015, as quoted at
https://opoka.org.pl/biblioteka/W/WP/franciszek_i/audiencje/
ag_04032015.html (accessed: 10 Aug. 2019).
Contents
Introduction – Bogusława Urbaniak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1. The European Union is going grey – main trends – Bogusława
Urbaniak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Senior policy – what are we talking about? A terminological
analysis – Bogusława Urbaniak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Senior policies in Hungary – László Patyán . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1. Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2. International guidelines for ageing policies . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1. Ageing in place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2. The age-friendly environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3. Active ageing policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.4. Care policies and the main directions of care-related
policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.5. Pension policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3. The major demographic characteristics of Hungary . . . . .
3.4. Policies supporting the ageing process and older adults
in Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1. Policy planning levels: state and municipality . . . .
3.4.2. The success and failures of decentralisation . . . . .
3.4.3. New paternalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5. Active ageing policies in Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1. Change of situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2. National Senior Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3. European Year 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.4. The age-friendly environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
16
19
23
25
25
26
26
27
29
30
32
33
38
38
39
40
42
42
43
43
44
8
Contents
3.6. Current strategies and processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.1. Employment of the older people . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.2. Promoting the social participation of older people:
the Elderly Council and Senior Citizen Rapporteur
program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.3. Care policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7. The senior policy of municipalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Senior policy in Poland – Bogusława Urbaniak . . . . . . . . .
4.1. Senior policy in Poland – an outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. Between the central and local government’s activities . .
4.3. The Human Rights Defender’s activities on behalf of older
people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4. The government’s policy toward older people in the labour
market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5. Retirement policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6. Old-age and disability pensions in Poland in 2019 . . . .
4.7. Senior policy in the city and voivodeship of Łódź . . . . . .
4.8. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45
45
47
48
49
51
52
59
59
66
68
70
74
79
82
89
89
5. Senior policy: Russia and Moscow – Yaroslava Evseeva . . . .
5.1. Demography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2. Social services and social care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3. The pension system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4. Labour policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5. Educational and cultural policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
95
97
104
111
117
123
126
Conclusions – Bogusława Urbaniak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
131
About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
135
Introduction
Bogusława Urbaniak*
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0202-499X
The writing of this monograph was inspired by discussions at
the Joint Workshop of the EAST Research Network1 on ‘Silver
Economy in Central and Eastern Europe’, which was held at the
Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of Łódź, between
22 and 23 June 2018.2 The workshop provided participants with
an opportunity to present different aspects of the silver economy,
such as active ageing, public-private partnerships in the silver
economy, and the lifelong workplace, and to discuss national
ageing policies and the role of governments and other actors in
shaping the living conditions of ageing populations in selected
countries in Central and Eastern Europe and Russia.
The workshop meetings prompted the idea of producing a work
that specifically analyses policies on seniors in two EU countries
(Poland and Hungary) and, in more general terms, in Russia. The
research assumption was that while the global nature of population
ageing implied the probability of all three countries using similar
senior policy measures, their different history, culture, the course
of ageing processes, and legal solutions justified collecting their
policies on older citizens in a single volume to enable comparisons
and the identification of best practices.
* Bogusława Urbaniak, Prof. Ph.D., Habil., University of Łódź, Faculty of
Economics and Sociology, Department of Labour and Social Policy.
1 EAST is the Central and Eastern European Research Network of the Oxford
Institute of Population Ageing ‘for information exchange between its members,
numbering almost 200 individuals and institutions who research migration and
population ageing in Eastern European countries’ – for more information: https://
www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/research/regions/east/ (accessed: 20.06.2019).
2 https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/events/view/348 (accessed: 20.06.2019).
10
Introduction
The resultant monograph considers the notion and scope of
senior policy vis-à-vis similar policies, such as social policy on
ageing, social policy on old age, and social policy on the elderly.
Although retirement policy is unrelated to senior policy, it is also
covered in the monograph because of its influence on the financial
situation and well-being of the elderly and older adults. A brief
review of the demographic situation and main population trends
in EU-28 countries is followed by a presentation of senior policies
in Hungary, Poland and Russia, and the impact of their retirement
policies on the economic situation of older people.
The chapter by László Patyán opens with a review of
international guidelines on ageing policies. The author uses the
review to explain the main assumptions underlying the ageing-
in-place concept, the age-friendly environment principle, active
ageing policies, care policies, the main directions of care-related
policies, and retirement policy requirements that national
governments should consider when designing their ageing policies.
The presentation of senior policies in Hungary starts with a brief
discussion of the country’s demographic situation and population
projections to the year 2080. Then, the state and municipality
planning levels and the decentralised approach to changes in
social services, social care and the pension system are discussed.
In Hungary, the ageing policies are developed in the framework
of the National Senior Strategy 2034. In Central European
Countries, including Hungary, the preparation of documents on
active ageing measures was prompted by the European Year of
Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations 2012, but the
long-term impact of the event on national senior policies in
the region proved to be limited.
The Hungarian government has taken on the responsibility
for creating age-friendly environments and implementing an
employment policy for older people. Its special focus is on care
policy. Social is organised following the EU concept, but activities
in this area are carried out in an irregular manner. In his chapter,
László Patyán gives special attention to municipal policies, which
are discussed based on two programmes aimed at seniors: ‘Újbuda
60+’ and ‘Nyíregyháza gives more…’.
As a non-EU country, Russia does not have to comply with
the EC’s directives or recommendations in designing its policies
Introduction
11
on seniors. Nevertheless, its initiatives in this field reflect the
ideas of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA
2002). The aim of the initiatives, like in other countries affected
by population ageing, is to protect the interests of older citizens.
In her chapter on senior policy in Russia and Moscow, Yaroslava
Evseeva discusses its development from the historical perspective
of social policy evolution and gives a comprehensive presentation of
social services, social care, the pension system, labour policy, and
educational and cultural policy. While emphasising the dominant
role of the central government, she also points to the growing
number of NGOs focused on the needs of older people, especially
those related to social care.
Bogusława Urbaniak’s chapter on Poland’s policy on seniors is
based on two key strategic documents prepared by the government.
These are ‘Założenia Długofalowej Polityki Senioralnej w Polsce na
lata 2014–2020’ (Long-term Senior Policy in Poland 2014–2020) and
Social Policy for Older People 2030. SECURITY-PARTICIPATION-
SOLIDARITY. As in Hungary, policy planning in Poland also takes
place on two levels – central and regional/local. The chapter
shows the scope of responsibility of the central government and
local authorities in creating senior policy. The retirement policy
in Poland is discussed more at length because of ongoing reforms
which will influence the living standard of future pensioners. In
making comparisons between Russian, Hungarian and Polish
senior policies, it is important to remember that Russia has
a population of 144,500,000 (its capital city alone has 12,500,000
inhabitants) (World Bank 2017 data) whereas Hungary and Poland
have populations of 9,800,000 and 38,000,000, respectively.
Nonetheless, comparing Russia and the other two countries is
rational because all three countries share a similar communist
past.
Hungary, Poland and Russia are experiencing population
declines. Between 2000 and 2008, the population of Hungary
decreased by 4.3 and the Russian and Polish populations by 1.4
and 0.7 , respectively. Worse still, population projections for the
next few decades are not optimistic for any of the three countries.
In 2018, the share of the population aged 65 and above was 19 for
Hungary, 17 for Poland, and 15 for Russia (World Bank 2018
data, http://wdi.worldbank.org/tables (accessed: 30.07.2019).
12
Introduction
The scale of demographic problems in Russia is well illustrated
by comparing the average life expectancies for men and women
in Russia, Poland, Hungary and the EU28 in 2015. According to
the data in Table 1, the life expectancy at birth for Russian men is
lower by 11.4 years compared with the EU 28 average.
Table 1. Life expectancy at birth in EU28, Hungary, Poland and Russia
(2015)
Countries
Men
Women
Difference in favour
of women
77.9
72.3
73.5
66.5
EU28
Hungary
Poland
Russia
Source: based on Eurostat data (online data code: TPS00205), https://ec.europa.
eu/eurostat/data/database (accessed: 16 Jun. 2019) and the chapter by Yaroslava
Evseeva.
83.3
79.0
81.6
77.0
5.4
6.7
8.1
10.5
The difference in life expectancy at birth between Russia and
the other two countries shows the scale of challenges confronting
Russian social policy.
References
Eurostat data (online data code: TPS00205), https://ec.europa.eu/
eurostat/data/database (accessed: 16.06.2019).
World Bank 2018 data, http://wdi.worldbank.org/tables (accessed:
30.07.2019).
Web sources
https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/events/view/348 (accessed: 20.06.2019).
https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/research/regions/east/ (accessed: 20.06.2019).
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