Darmowy fragment publikacji:
The impact of shale gas extraction on the
socio-economic development of regions
– an American success story and potential
opportunities for Poland
Izabela Albrycht, Rafał Garpiel, Piotr Kosowski,
Anna Łaszczuk, Adam Łazarski, Marcin Matyka,
Łukasz Pokrywka, Stanisław Rzyski, Piotr Stankiewicz,
Marcin Tarnawski
The impact of shale gas extraction on the
socio-economic development of regions
– an American success story and potential
opportunities for Poland
Izabela Albrycht, Rafał Garpiel, Piotr Kosowski,
Anna Łaszczuk, Adam Łazarski, Marcin Matyka,
Łukasz Pokrywka, Stanisław Rzyski,
Piotr Stankiewicz, Marcin Tarnawski
If you appreciate the value of the presented Report as well as The Kosciuszko
Institute’s mission, we kindly encourage you to support our future publishing
initiatives by making a financial contribution to the association.
The impact of shale gas extraction on the socio-economic development of regions
– an American success story and potential opportunities for Poland
Izabela Albrycht, Rafał Garpiel, Piotr Kosowski, Anna Łaszczuk, Adam Łazarski,
Marcin Matyka, Łukasz Pokrywka, Stanisław Rzyski, Piotr Stankiewicz,
Marcin Tarnawski
Editor: Izabela Albrycht
Edition completed: July 2012
Editorial assistant: Maria Guzewska
© The Kosciuszko Institute 2012. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to
exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted in the original language without explicit
permission provided that the source is acknowledged.
Translation: Adam Łazarski (Chapters 1, 3, 4), Zuzanna Łopacińska-Piędel
(Introduction, Key Findings and Recommendations, Chapters 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11),
Justyna Kruk (Chapter 5), DLA Piper (Chapter 12), Ben Koschalka (Chapter 13).
Proofreading: Maria Guzewska, Zuzanna Łopacińska-Piędel
Layout typesetting: Małgorzata Kopecka
Print: Dante Media
The Kosciuszko Institute
ul. Lenartowicza 7/4
31-138 Kraków
e-mail: ik@ik.org.pl
+48 12 632 97 24
www.ik.org.pl
ISBN: 978-83-63712-03-7
Contents
Introduction Izabela Albrycht ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Key Findings and Recommendations for the Shale Gas Exploration and Production Sector
in Poland from the Perspective of Local Governments Izabela Albrycht .................................................... 9
THE NORTH AMERICAN EXPERIENCES ...............................................................................................................19
1. The History of the Shale Gas Sector Development in the U.S. Adam Łazarski ...............................21
2. Benefits Stemming from Basing the Energy Sector in the U.S. on Shale Gas
Marcin Tarnawski ..................................................................................................................................................27
Impact of Shale Gas on the U.S. Economy Adam Łazarski, Marcin Tarnawski .................................35
3.
4. Case Studies of the U.S. Regions with Shale Gas Plays Adam Łazarski ..............................................41
5. Attitudes of the U.S. Society and Local Communities Towards Shale Gas
Extraction Piotr Stankiewicz, Stanisław Rzyski ............................................................................................51
6. Best Practice of the North American Shale Gas Sector in Enhancing Social
and Cultural Potential and Relationship Building with Local Communities
Piotr Stankiewicz, Stanisław Rzyski ..................................................................................................................61
7. Benefits from the Shale Gas Sector Development in Canada Marcin Tarnawski ...........................65
CHANCES FOR POLAND ..........................................................................................................................................75
8. History and Tradition of Natural Gas Extraction in Poland Piotr Kosowski .......................................77
9. Conventional and Unconventional Gas – Brief Description of Similarities
and Differences Piotr Kosowski ........................................................................................................................81
10. Risk Areas with Possible Impact on the Importance of the Shale Gas Sector
in Poland and its Effect on Real Values in the Economy Piotr Kosowski ............................................85
11. The Current System of Taxation of Hydrocarbons in Poland from the Perspective
of Local Governments Anna Łaszczuk, Marcin Matyka – DLA Piper Wiater sp.k. ..............................89
12. Impact Assessment of Potential Benefits of Unconventional Gas Extraction for
Socio-Economic Development of Regions in Poland, Including Regions where
Conventional Gas Mines are Operating Łukasz Pokrywka .....................................................................95
13. The Influence of the Natural Gas Extraction Sector on the Socio-Economic
Development of Regions from the Point of View of Local Communities Rafał Garpiel ........... 115
Authors .......................................................................................................................................................................... 127
Introduction
Izabela Albrycht – chairperson of the Kosciuszko
Institute
Examining the Unconventional Gas Revolution: From Global
to Local
The unconventional gas revolution, which originated in the U.S. and Canada, has spread across
the world. It is now a global phenomenon. More and more countries are actively engaged in
developing the shale gas sector, including the United Kingdom, China, Russia, India, Mexico
and Argentina. These are just some of the countries that are likely to have a significant impact
on the dynamics of regional and ultimately global energy markets. Albeit in each of these
countries the shale gas sector’s development is conditioned by different factors, unconven-
tional technologies of resources extraction will first revolutionize regional gas markets and
within several years the revolution will encompass global gas, and then oil markets. Only time
will tell which of these resource revolutions will have a stronger effect on global economic
development.
For now, only one thing is clear: neither Poland, nor Europe should turn their backs on possible
energy, economic, social and political benefits that have so far been enjoyed by beneficiaries
of shale revolutions.
In the present report, which includes analysis of the history, market and socio-economic
considerations of shale gas extraction in the U.S. and Canada, we also offer our readers the
chance to move from global approaches to the unconventional gas sector, and to take a more
local perspective. The shale success story started in U.S. states and Canadian provinces. Texas,
Pennsylvania and British Columbia are where the revolution’s positive footprint was felt first
and felt the strongest. Pomerania or the region of Lublin in the south-west of Poland is now
likely to play an important role in the history of development of the shale gas sector in Poland,
and Europe.
The present report, a subsequent publication of the Kosciuszko Institute on unconventional
gas, focuses above all on presenting the history of shale gas extraction in the U.S. and Canada,
as well as the scale and types of social, economic and energy benefits stemming from its devel-
opment, from both a national and regional perspective. The analysis of the benefits will be
The views expressed in this publication are
those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect any views held by the Kosciuszko
Institute and the publication partners. They are
published as a contribution to public debate.
Authors are responsible for their own
opinions and contributions and the authors
do not necessarily support all of the
opinions made by others in the report.
based on the most recent economic data and results of social surveys of the positive percep-
tions resulting from the shale gas sector’s operations on the American economy and society.
The analysis of the U.S. shale gas sector will be the starting point for presenting the differences
and similarities between the conventional and the unconventional gas sectors, and providing
a list of risk areas that might significantly affect the development of the shale gas sector
in Poland, and its broader impact on the economy. A substantial part of the publication is
devoted to the analysis of the experiences of the Polish regions where conventional gas mines
and underground gas storage facilities are located. The impact assessment demonstrates that
there are significant socio-economic benefits for the regions stemming from the operations of
the oil and gas extraction sector.
This part of the report also includes a preliminary projection of the impact of shale gas devel-
opment on the job market. Moreover, it includes a list of other probable socio-economic bene-
fits resulting from the shale gas sector’s development in Poland, as well as a set of recommen-
dations for Polish decision makers, aimed at generating added value from shale gas extraction
for local governments, and achieving a maximal multiplier effect for the Polish economy. The
final part of the present publication is devoted to a unique qualitative sociological research
undertaken to examine the perception of benefits and benefits/losses stemming from conven-
tional gas exploitation in Poland among local communities.
The examination includes not only positive North American experiences, but also an anal-
ysis of economic data from Polish extraction regions, coupled with results of interviews with
members of local communities living in those regions show that operations of the natural gas
sector may benefit socio-economic development of Polish regions in multiple ways. Results of
studies and analyses undertaken by experts of the Kosciuszko Institute included in the present
report provide substantial factual support for a positive view to be taken of current, early stage
of the development of the shale gas sector in Poland. This factual assessment is well-worth
reading and hopefully will impact upon the public debate.
As the North American example shows, knowledge of benefits and consequences resulting
from the shale gas exploration and production sector are likely to have a significant impact on
the national debate. The Polish government, as well as NGOs and energy companies, bearing
in mind the development of the unconventional gas sector, should make local communities
and Polish citizens at large aware that they may become direct and indirect beneficiaries of the
project, for example thanks to lower gas and energy prices, reduction of unemployment and
higher revenues for local budgets. Engagement of Polish local communities in supporting the
sector’s development is of key importance, in order to ensure a Polish shale gas success story.
One of the foremost recommendations of the Kosciuszko Institute for the government is
to prepare and implement a factual and not emotional information campaign on socio-
economic impact of the shale gas sector aimed at enhancing the development of this partic-
ular economy sector. Other key recommendations include: incorporating shale gas into Polish
energy strategy as the second resource, after coal (in the present document entitled “Energy
Policy of Poland until 2030” there is not a single word about shale gas!); the need to intensify
legislative work on establishing simple and sensible legal and tax regulations, as well as a clear
and effective division of competences and responsibilities for supporting the shale sector’s
development at the level of central administration; the need to provide training and educa-
tion for young engineers and technicians, and create a shale gas R D sector supporting the
extraction sector that might be financed by the EU and energy companies; the need to ensure
development opportunities of the shale sector from the financial point of view through crea-
tion of a healthy investment climate. The contract signed on 4th July 2012 by PGNiG SA, KGHM
Polska Miedź SA, PGE SA, Tauron Polska Energia SA and Enea SA on exploration and production
of shale gas (so-called KCT contract; the name stems from the names of the rig pads located
in the Wejherowo concession area of PGNiG SA: Kochanowo, Częstkowo, Tępcz) is a significant
milestone. The development of the shale gas sector in Poland is an unprecedented invest-
ment. It requires an approach that would make it possible to achieve both scale effect and
synergy. Further steps should be undertaken promptly with the aim of creating the optimum
conditions for long-term development of the shale gas exploration and production sector in
Poland. The key role in this respect will be played by the necessary know-how acquired by
national oil and gas companies, which can be fostered through partnerships with international
oil and gas companies with a proven extraction track record in North America. From the point
of view of the Polish companies, this can bring additional benefits including risk mitigation, if
the cooperation entails exchanging shares in concessions. Only then will the Polish state be
able to take on its shoulders the organizational and financial burden of the enormous invest-
ments required, including drilling hundreds of wells and the development of the transmission
infrastructure.
As the commendable history and tradition of natural gas extraction in Poland, also described
in the present report, shows that our country can in some respects become the pioneer of
shale gas development in Europe and within a few years may feel the positive effects of its
shale success story. We should all be aware that we could all be winners in the global uncon-
ventional energy revolution.
The benefits for the regions, as well as the whole economy at large, stemming from the shale
gas sector’s development, should be an additional stimulus for the Polish government to
boost the long-term strength of the economy.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the authors for their contribution.
6
Izabela Albrycht
Introduction
7
Key Findings and
Recommendations for the Shale
Gas Exploration and Production
Sector in Poland from the
Perspective of Local Governments*
Izabela Albrycht
The analysis of economic and social considerations related to exploration and exploitation of uncon-
ventional gas in Poland and its individual regions, performed for the purpose of the current report,
shows that the shale gas exploration and production sector, currently in its infancy, may become a
chance for development of the Polish economy and local governments. It is very probable that North
American experiences and positive socio-economic and political effects of the shale gas revolution
could be present, albeit on a smaller scale, in Poland.
Not only the oil and gas companies, but also local communities, state authorities, small and medium-
sized companies and individual customers benefited from the shale boom in the U.S.A s a result the
whole U.S. economy benefited from that process. The U.S. situation may be best described by the
term “win-win”, i.e. bilateral, or in that case multilateral, victory.
The shale gas success, achieved thanks to the win-win strategy, can be repeated in Poland. It is even
more probable, as Poland has a long tradition of hydrocarbon extraction, and thus gains benefits
from conventional gas production, which should be emphasized to stakeholders and beneficiaries of
the new unconventional exploration and production sector.
Impact Assessment of the Natural Gas Sector in Poland,
Including Conventional Gas Mines and Underground Gas
Storage Facilities on the Local Economic Processes
The impact assessment of the natural gas extraction sector on the local economic processes in
Poland, prepared by the Kosciuszko Institute, included two Big Regions. The Northern Region encom-
passed mostly: the Greater Poland Voivodeship, the West Pomeranian Voivodeship and the Kuyavian-
Pomeranian Voivodeship, while the Southern Region: mostly the Sub-Carpathian Voivodeship.
Within the Big Regions, small regions (gminas and poviats, i.e. the two smallest administrative units
in Poland) with gas mines or underground gas storage facilities were taken into consideration. Big
Regions differ between each other not only as to their characteristics, but also the level of develop-
ment, geopolitical location and historical conditions, which still impact their level of development.
Moreover, the extent to which the extraction sector is developed is of major importance: its long-
standing presence in the Southern Region and the dynamic growth in the Northern Region.
Revenues of Local Governments
Wealth of the Society
Gminas obtain their own revenues from their share in income taxes (PIT and CIT), as well as real estate
tax, exploitation fee (on the basis of the Act on the Geological and Mining Law), and local taxes. In the
majority of gminas included in the impact assessment, the presence of a gas mine or an underground
gas storage facility increases the gmina’s own revenues. The index representing own income per
capita in such regions is approx. 5-15 higher than in comparable gminas in the given voivodeship.
In Dębno (myśliborski poviat, West Pomeranian Voivodeship), where an oil and gas mine is located,
gmina’s own revenues are 18 higher and total revenues are 5 higher than in other gminas in the
West Pomeranian Voivodeship.
An average share of exploitation fee in gminas’ revenues in Poland reaches approx. 0.4 . For compar-
ison, in:
• Dębno, the share exceeds 12 (8.3 million PLN in 2010),
• Kościan (kościański poviat, the Greater Poland Voivodeship) the share equals 3.3 (1.2 million
PLN in 2010),
• Mogilno (mogileński poviat, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship) the share equals 1.7
(1.1 million PLN in 2010).
High tax revenues for local budgets, however, start a mechanism of revenue redistribution, commonly
known as the “Robin Hood fee” (Polish: “janosikowe”). Gminas where gas mines and underground gas
storage facilities are located obtain relatively low sums in subsidies. Moreover, they are a net payer for
the inter-regional redistribution system. Only Dębno, where the biggest oil and gas mine in Poland
is operating, has revenues approx. 5 higher than other similar regions in the voivodeship. On the
basis of available data it is not possible to analyze solely the impact of natural gas extraction (without
oil extraction) on local governments’ budgets.
Expenses of Local Governments
From the point of view of mid- and long-term regional development, it is important for the local
governments to allocate more to investments that foster development, i.e. ones that can improve
the quality of life and attract big companies to local markets. In the Southern Region, gminas where
gas mines or underground gas storage facilities are located earmark 22.1 of their total expenses to
investments, whereas the remaining comparable gminas in the Region only 17.5 .
In the Northern Region, activities of local governments which benefit from the presence of gas mines
or underground gas storage facilities are noticeable. In the Greater Poland Voivodship, such gminas
allocate on average 15 of their expenditures to investments, whereas other similar local govern-
ments – 14 . Attention should be drawn to great variability of the index: the values in individual
gminas vary from 1 to 42 . In Mogilno (underground gas storage facility), investment activity of
the local government is even more noticeable: investment expenditures account for 21.5 of total
expenses, with the average in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship being 18 .
Revenues of local governments from income taxes, apart from their fiscal function, are also a source
of information about the pay grades. In the Southern Region, an average pay in gminas where gas
mines or underground gas storage facilities are located is approx. 12 higher than in similar gminas in
the Sub-Carpathian Voivodeship. Local payrolls in gminas where the extraction sector is operating are
similar to comparable gminas without gas mines. Only in Mogilno (underground gas storage facility)
is the average pay approx. 7 higher than in the case of similar gminas in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian
Voivodeship.
Labor Market
The impact assessment conducted shows that the functioning of a gas mine and an underground
gas storage facility does not necessarily translate into a significant improvement on the local labor
market. Undoubtedly, it can increase the likelihood of job creation. In the Southern Region, in poviats
where gas mines or underground gas storage facilities are located, average unemployment rate (in
the years 2004-2011) was approx. 18 , whereas in the remaining poviats (without operations of
PGNiG SA) it equaled 15 .
In the Northern Region, in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, the situation on local job markets improves
significantly when oil and gas companies intensify their operations: average unemployment rate in
such regions equaled 8.5 versus 10.3 in other poviats. In the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in
myśliborski poviat (BMB gas field), average unemployment rate was 18.2 , while in other poviats
of the voivodeship it equaled 22.3 . In other regions, the presence of a gas mine or underground
gas storage facilities does not translate into a considerable improvement on the labor market: in
mogileński poviat, the average unemployment rate was insignificantly higher than the voivodeship
average. The situation is similar in milicki and górowski poviats (Lower Silesian Voivodeship).
Economic Entities
The condition on the local labor market is profoundly impacted by the number of economic entities
who are potential employers in the region. In 2010, in the Sub-Carpathian Voivodeship, in poviats
where gas mines or underground gas storage facilities operate, the number of economic entities per
10,000 inhabitants equaled 619, whereas in other poviats – 724. The index of newly registered enti-
ties was similar: 65 versus 79 per 10,000 inhabitants respectively. The correlations prove that in the
Southern Region, despite the presence of gas deposits, there are no stimuli for setting up companies.
Such a low level of economic activization has a negative impact on the local labor markets. Therefore,
high unemployment rates in the region should be linked to the shortage of companies.
The situation in Greater Poland is totally different: poviats where the extraction sector is present have
a higher number of economic entities than other. Voivodeship-wise, in 2010, the number of entities
per 10,000 inhabitants equaled 875, and in regions with an existing extraction sector – 965. The dyna-
mism of establishing new companies is also higher: 96 versus 97 newly created entities per 10,000
inhabitants.
10
Izabela Albrycht
Key Findings and Recommendations
11
Pobierz darmowy fragment (pdf)
